Narration কী ? Narration কত প্রকার ও কী কী ? What is narration ?
Narrate
অর্থ উক্তি। Narrate
থেকে Narration
শব্দের উৎপত্তি। কারোও বক্তব্যকেই ইংরেজিতে Narration বা Speech
বলে। Narration ২
প্রকার। যথা-
1. Direct Narration (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি): বক্তা নিজের কথা নিজের ভাষায় বললে তাকে Direct Narration বলে। যেমন- Fatima says, “I am well.”
2. Indirect
Narration (পরোক্ষ উক্তি): বক্তা অন্যের কথা নিজের ভাষায় বললে
তাকে Indirect
Narration বলে। যেমন- Fatima says that
she is well.
Direct Narration কে Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে আমাদেরকে প্রথমে কিছু বিষয় সম্পর্কে ধারণা রাখতে হবে। যেমন- Sentence, Verb/Tense, Person, Subject ইত্যাদি।
Sentence
1. Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য): tell/tells/told & that
a. Subject দিয়ে
শুরু হয়।
b. Sentence এর শেষে Full stop (.) থাকে।
2. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য): asked & Auxiliary verb থাকলে if এবং Wh-word থাকলে ঐ word-ই হবে।
a. Auxiliary verb/Wh-word দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
b. Sentence এর
শেষে Question mark (?) থাকে।
3. Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য): told & to
a. Verb অথবা Please, Kindly, Let ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
b. Sentence এর
শেষে Full stop (.)
থাকে।
4. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা প্রার্থনামূলক বাক্য): wished & that
a. May, Long ইত্যাদি
দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
b. Sentence এর
শেষে Full stop (.)
থাকে।
5. Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময় বা আবেগসূচক বাক্য): exclaimed with (joy, sorrow, surprised) & that
a. What, How ইত্যাদি
দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
b.
বাক্যে Ah/Oh/Alas/Hurrah ইত্যাদি থাকে।
c. Sentence এর শেষে Exclamation mark (!) থাকে।
একটি Sentence-এর
বিভিন্ন অংশকে চিহ্নিত করে নিচের চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উপস্থাপন করা হলো:
Reported Speech এর পরিবর্তন
1. Person-এর পরিবর্তন
b. Reported Speech-এর 2nd Person পরিবর্তন হয় Reporting verb-এর Object অনুসারে।
c. Reported Speech-এর 3rd Person-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Person-এর বিভিন্ন রূপ
| Person | Subject | Object | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | I | Me | My |
| 1st Person | We | Us | Our |
| 2nd Person | You | You | You |
| 3rd Person | He | Him | His |
| 3rd Person | She | Her | Her |
| 3rd Person | They | Them | Their |
2.
Tense/Verb-এর পরিবর্তন
1. Reporting verb যদি Present Tense অথবা Future Tense হয়, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-
# Fatima says, “I am well.”
→Fatima says that she is well.
# Fatima will say, “I shall go to Sylhet.”
→Fatima will say that she will go to Sylhet.
| Direct Narration | Indirect Narration |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Indefinite | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Shall/Will | Would |
| Can | Could |
| May | Might |
| Must | Must/had to |
| Am/is/are | Was/were |
| Was/were | Had |
| Have/has | Had been |
| Do not/does not | Did not |
| Do/Done | Did |
| Did | Had |
| Would, Could, Might, Should | Not changes |
# Fatima will say, “I shall go to Sylhet.”
→Fatima will say that she will go to Sylhet.
3. নৈকট্যসূচক শব্দের পরিবর্তন
নৈকট্যসূচক শব্দ নিচের Table অনুসারে দূরত্বসূচক শব্দে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে-
| নৈকট্যসূচক শব্দ | দূরত্বসূচক শব্দ |
|---|---|
| This | That |
| Now | Then |
| Here | There |
| These | Those |
| Today | That day |
| Tomorrow | The next day |
| Yesterday | The previous day |
| Last night | The previous night |
| Last year | The previous year |
| Next day | The following day |
| Next year | The following year |
| Good morning | Wish good morning |
| Goodbye | Wish goodbye |
| Ago | Before |
| Come | Go |
| Came | Had gone |
Rules
of changing Detached (Sentence) Narration
i) say/says-এর পরিবর্তে tell/tells এবং said-এর পরিবর্তে told বসে;
ii) to ওঠে যায়;
iii) Comma & Inverted comma-এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
→Fatima tells me that I must obey my parents.
→Fatima told me that he had to do the work.
→Fatima told me that she was my friend.
Rule-3: Reported
speech যদি Interrogative Sentence হয় তাহলে Direct
narration-কে Indirect
narration করার সময়-
i)
say/says-এর পরিবর্তে ask/asks এবং said-এর পরিবর্তে asked বসে;
ii)
to ওঠে যায়;
iii)
Comma & Inverted comma-এর পরিবর্তে if (Sentence টি Auxiliary verb দিয়ে শুরু হলে) অথবা Wh-word (Sentence টি Wh-word দিয়ে শুরু হলে) বসে।
iv)
Reported speech-এর Subject আগে বসবে তারপর Verb টি Tense অনুসারে পরিবর্তন করে বসাতে হবে।
যথা-
→Fatima asked me if I was going to Sylhet.
# Fatima said to me, “Where are you going?”
→Fatima asked me where I was going.
# Fatima said to me,
“What class do you read in?”
→Fatima
asked me in what class I read.
# Fatima said to me,
“Where have you come from?”
→Fatima
asked me from where I had gone.
i) said-এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যের অর্থানুযায়ী শব্দ বসাতে হবে। যেমন-
আদেশ- ordered/commanded,
উপদেশ- advised,
নির্দেশ- asked,
অনুরোধ- requested,
প্রার্থনা- prayed/begged ইত্যাদি।
ii) Comma & Inverted comma-এর পরিবর্তে to বসে।
→The teacher ordered Nadia to stand up on the bench.
# Fatima said to me, “Bring me your pen.”
→Fatima ordered me to bring her my pen.
→Fatima advised me not to do the work.
# Fatima said to me, “Do not tell a lie.”
→Fatima advised me not to tell a lie.
# Fatima says, “Always speak the truth”
→Fatima advises me always to speak the truth.
# Fatima said to me, “Never tell a lie.”
Rule-8:
Reported speech যদি Optative Sentence হয় তাহলে Direct
narration-কে Indirect narration করার সময়-
i) said-এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed/exclaimed বসাতে হবে।
ii) Reporting verb-এর
Object ওঠে যায়।
iii) Comma & Inverted comma-এর
পরিবর্তে that বসে।
iv) Reported speech-এর Subject
আগে বসবে তারপর May-এর
পরিবর্তে might বসবে।
যথা-
# The teacher said to Fatima,
“May Allah bless you.”
→The teacher prayed
that Allah might bless her.
# Fatima said to me, “I
wish I were a queen.”
→Fatima wished that
she had been a queen.
Rule-9:
Reported speech যদি Exclamatory Sentence হয় তাহলে Direct
narration-কে Indirect narration করার সময়-
i) said-এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যের
অর্থানুযায়ী শব্দ বসাতে হবে। যেমন-
Hurrah!- exclaimed with joy;
Bravo!- exclaimed with
delight;
Alas!/Ah!- exclaimed
with sorrow;
Oh!- exclaimed with surprise;
By Allah- swore by Allah;
By joke- swore by joke.
ii) Reporting verb-এর
Object ওঠে যায়।
iii) Comma & Inverted comma-এর
পরিবর্তে that বসে।
iv) Reported speech-এর Exclamation Mark (!) ওঠে যায়।
যথা-
# Fatima said to me, “Oh!
The sight is very charming.”
→Fatima exclaimed with
surprise that the sight was very charming.
# Fatima said to me, “Hurrah!
I have won the first prize.”
→Fatima exclaimed with
joy that she had won the first prize.
Rule-10:
Reported speech-এর Exclamatory Sentence যদি How/What
a দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে Direct narration-কে
Indirect narration করার
সময়-
i) প্রথমে Subject & Verb বসাতে হবে।
ii) তারপর How-এর পরিবর্তে very এবং
What a-এর পরিবর্তে a very/a great বসাতে হবে।
যথা-
# Fatima said to me, “How
charming the scenery is!”
→Fatima exclaimed with
joy that the scenery was very charming.
# Fatima said to me, “What
a beautiful bird this is!”
→Fatima exclaimed with
surprise that this was a very beautiful bird.
Rule-11: Reporting verb যদিও Past Tense হয় কিন্তু তারপরও Reported Speech-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না, যদি Reported Speech দিয়ে Universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) বা Habitual truth (অভ্যাসগত সত্য) বুঝায়। যথা-
# Fatima said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.”
→Fatima told me that honesty is the best policy.
# Fatima said
to me, “The sun gives us light.”
→Fatima told me that the sun gives us light.
# Fatima said
to me, “All that glitters is not gold.”
→Fatima told me that all that glitter is not gold.
# Fatima said
to me, “We went to school every day.”
→Fatima told me that we went to school every day.
Exercise
1. Fatima said to me, “I
am reading a novel.”
2. Fatima says, “I am
very well now.”
3. Fatima will say, “I
shall teach him Mathematics.”
4. Fatima said to me, “I
will go fishing tomorrow.”
5. Fatima said to me, “I
was going to Saint Martin last year.”
6. Fatima said to me, “I
will be a good man in the future.”
7. Fatima said to me,
“Where is your pen?”
8. Fatima said to me,
“Where did you come from?”
9. Fatima said to me,
“How long will you stay here?”
10. Fatima
said to me, “Do you know my father?”
11. Fatima
said to me, “Will you go to school today?”
12. Fatima
said to me, “Did you go to school yesterday?”
13. They
said to us, “Let us decide the matter.”
14. Fatima
said to me, “Do not tell a lie.”
15. Fatima
said to me, “Don’t go there.”
16. Fatima
said to me, “Let me recite the Holy Qur’an.”
17. Fatima
said to me, “Please quiet and listen to my words.”
18. Fatima
said to me, “Take care of your health.”
19. Fatima
said to SA, “Happy birthday to my dear father.”
20. The
teacher said to Fatima, “May you shine in your life.”
21. Fatima
said to me, “Allah bless you.”
22. Fatima
said, “Good morning, sir.”
23. Fatima
said to me, “Long live our teachers.”
24. Fatima
said to me, “May Allah save me.”
25. Fatima
said to me, “What a nice girl you are!”
26. Fatima
said to me, “Alas! I have lost my pen.”
27. Fatima
said to me, “What an idea this is!”
28. Fatima
said to me, “By Allah! It is the good news.”
29. Fatima
said to me, “How fine the day is!”
30. SA
said, “Bravo! Fatima comes first.”
Rules of changing Passage Narration
প্রকৃতপক্ষে Detached Narration এবং Passage Narration পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম একই। Passage
Narration -এর ক্ষেত্রে শুধু
কতগুলো অতিরিক্ত Linking word (সংযোগকারী শব্দ) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। নিচে
উদাহরণসহ কয়েকটি Rules (নিয়ম) দেয়া হলো-
Rule-1: প্রথমে পুরো Passage টি ভালো করে পড়ে Speaker (বক্তা)
ও Listener (শ্রোতা) বের করতে হবে।
Rule-2: Reporting verb বাক্যের
শেষে বা মাঝে থাকলে Subject সহ তা প্রথমে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন-
“You will pass,” Fatima said, “If you study.”
এক্ষেত্রে Fatima said
প্রথমে নিয়ে আসতে হবে।
Rule-3: অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb ও Speaker
সরাসরি দেয়া থাকে না। তবে Passage টি ভালো করে পড়লে তা বোঝা যায়। যেমন-
“I’m the girl.” “Yes. But you are small,” I said. “Size doesn’t matter,” said
Fatima.
উল্লেখিত বাক্যগুলো পড়লে আমরা বুঝতে পারি প্রথম বাক্যটি Fatima-এর এবং এখানে Reporting verb হিসেবে said ধরতে হবে।
Rule-4: কোনো Speaker (বক্তা)-এর পর একাধিক Speech (উক্তি) থাকলে দ্বিতীয় বা তারপরের Speech (উক্তি)-গুলোর ক্ষেত্রে added,
further added, also said, again, again said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়। কিন্তু ২টি Interrogative
sentence পর পর থাকলে দ্বিতীয়টির
ক্ষেত্রে again asked/also asked হয়। যেমন-
#
Fatima said, “I can help him today. I
shall come again tomorrow.”
→Fatima said that she
could help him that day. She added that she would come again the next day.
Rule-5: Reported
speech-এর ভিতর Yes থাকলে Indirect করার সময় Yes-এর পরিবর্তে replied in the affirmative এবং No থাকলে Indirect করার
সময় No-এর পরিবর্তে replied in
the negative লিখতে হয়। যেমন-
#
Fatima said, “Abdullah, have you seen a
tiger?” “No. I have not gone to the zoo,” said Abdullah.
→Fatima asked Abdullah
if he had seen a tiger. Abdullah replied in the negative and said that he had
not gone to the zoo.
Rule-6: Reported
speech-এ By Allah, By my life, By you ইত্যাদি থাকলে Swearing
by Allah/my life/you ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার
করতে হয়। যেমন-
#
“By Allah,” Fatima replied, “I will not
leave this house.”
→Swearing by Allah,
Fatima replied that she would not leave that house.
Rule-7: Reported speech
-এ যদি কাউকে নির্দেশ করা হয় তবে Addressing
as দিয়ে Indirect narration করতে হয়। যেমন-
#
Fatima said, “Are you thirsty my friends?”
→Addressing them as
friends, Fatima asked if they were thirsty.
Rule-8: Reported speech-এ
Sir থাকলে Indirect narration করার সময় Sir এর পরিবর্তে respectfully ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
যেমন-
#
Fatima replied, “Yes, sir. I have done
my homework.”
→Fatima respectfully
replied in the affirmative that she had done her homework.
Rule-9: Reported speech-এ
Good morning/night/bye ইত্যাদি থাকলে Indirect narration করার
সময় Reporting verb-এর Subject + wished +
object + good morning/night ইত্যাদি
হয়। যেমন-
#
Fatima said to me, “Happy birthday.”
→Fatima wished me
happy birthday.
# Fatima said, “Good
morning my friend.”
→Fatima wished her
friend good morning.
Rule-10: Reported speech-এ
Thank you থাকলে Indirect narration করার সময় Reporting
verb-এর Subject + thanked + object হয়। যেমন-
#
Fatima said to Abdullah, “Thank you.”
→Fatima thanked
Abdullah.
Example
#
The teacher said to Fatima, “Do you
think that honesty is the best policy?” Fatima said, “Yes, sir. I think so.”
“Then learn to be honesty from your childhood,” said the teacher. “Thank you,
sir.” “May Allah grant you a long life,” said the teacher.
→The teacher asked Fatima if she did think that honesty is the best policy. Fatima respectfully replied in the affirmative that she thought so. Then the teacher advised Fatima to learn honesty from her childhood. Again, Fatima respectfully thanked her teacher. The teacher prayed that Allah might grant her a long life.
Exercise
1. “Have you heard the name of Aesop?” asked the teacher. “No, sir. Who was he?” “Read the lesson attentively and then you will be able to know about him. How interesting and instructive his fables are!” said the teacher.
2. I asked Fatima, “What’s your mother’s name?” “I know my mother’s name but I won’t tell you that. I don’t tell my
mother’s name to anybody whom I don’t know,” said Fatima. I said, “What a
clever girl you are!”
3. “I’ve got GPA-5 in the SSC examination,” said Fatima.
“Congratulations!” I said, “What do you intend to do now?” “I want to study science,” Fatima replied. “I’ll try to get admission
into a government college.”
4. The teacher said to Ontu, “Why are you talking in the
class? You should behave yourself.” Ontu replied, “Sir, I’m sorry. I’m asking Sunny to lend me his pen. My pen has run
out.” The teacher said, “Be attentive and listen to my lecture.”
5. “Will you go to school today?” mother said to his son.
“No mother, our classes are closed.” “Then go to the market and bring some
vegetables.” “Let me be ready & give me money.”
6. “Hi, Abdullah,” said Fatima. “What are you doing?” said
Abdullah. “I’m hungry. So, I’m cooking,” said Fatima. “You are cooking!” What
are you making?” said Abdullah. “Biriani,” said Fatima.
7. Fatima said to me, “Have you finished the book I gave you
yesterday?” “Yes, I’ve finished reading the book,” I replied. “What an
interesting book it is! I wish I would borrow the book earlier,” she said.
“Will you return the book today,” she said.
8. “I came here yesterday from my village,’ Abdullah said.
“Why did you come here?” I asked. “My mother sent me to you with this letter.”
“How is your mother? I have not seen her for a long time.”
9. The old man said, “Can you give me some food? I’ve been
starving for three days.” The maid said, “Why do you beg? Can’t you work?” “No,
I’m unable to work,” the old man replied.
Narration-এর বিস্তারিত পিডিএফ ফাইলটি
পেতে এখানে ক্লিক করে ডাউনলোড করে নাও।
